[169] Fertility saw some modest increase afterwards,[170] but dropped to a new global low in 2017,[171] with fewer than 30,000 births per month for the first time since records began[172] and less than 1 child per woman in 2018. [248], Korea and Japan have had difficult relations since ancient times, but also significant cultural exchange, with Korea acting as the gateway between Asia and Japan. [157] In practice the population density in much of South Korea is higher than the national one, as most of the country's land is uninhabitable due to being used for other purposes such as farming. The South Korean government's structure is determined by the Constitution of the Republic of Korea. ", "Can South Korean Startups (and the government) Save its Flailing Giant Tech Conglomerates? [99][100], On 25 June 1950, North Korea invaded South Korea, sparking the Korean War, the Cold War's first major conflict, which continued until 1953. [82][83] However, the Mongol invasions in the 13th century greatly weakened the kingdom. [196] Former U.S. President Barack Obama has also praised the country's rigorous school system, where over 80 percent of South Korean high school graduates go on to university. Boys' uniforms usually consist of trousers and white shirts, and girls wear skirts and white shirts (this only applies in middle schools and high schools). The school year is divided into two semesters, the first of which begins at the beginning of March and ends in mid-July, the second of which begins in late August and ends in mid-February. South Korea is also the second-largest missionary-sending nation, after the United States.[216]. Because of social instability, social issues appeared as main subjects in the 1980s. [107], South Korea was formally invited to become a member of the United Nations in 1991. Is South Korea limited or unlimited government? South Korea has four distinct seasons; spring, summer, autumn and winter. No, South Africa is a country. There are also many airports that were built as part of the infrastructure boom but are barely used. [125], South Korea can be divided into four general regions: an eastern region of high mountain ranges and narrow coastal plains; a western region of broad coastal plains, river basins, and rolling hills; a southwestern region of mountains and valleys; and a southeastern region dominated by the broad basin of the Nakdong River. South Korea is a unitary state council having a presidential system, and thus it is a constitutional republic. Provinces of South Korea Provinces are one of the first-level divisions within South Korea. [340], South Korea's government maintains a broad-ranging approach toward the regulation of specific online content and imposes a substantial level of censorship on election-related discourse and on many websites that the government deems subversive or socially harmful. Follow @SecBlinken for more from the Secretary. [154][155] In 2021, the fertility rate stood at just 0.81 children per woman. During the war, Rhee's party promoted the One-People Principle (based on the German ideology of the Herrenvolk) an effort to build an obedient citizenry through ethnic homogeneity and authoritarian appeals to nationalism. [279], South Korea's mixed economy[281][282][283] ranks 10th nominal[284] and 13th purchasing power parity GDP in the world, identifying it as one of the G-20 major economies. Another type is jjigae (), a stew that is typically heavily seasoned with chili pepper and served boiling hot. Its current Chief of State, as well as the Head of Government, is President Moon Jae-in. Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}36N 128E / 36N 128E / 36; 128. . Domestic film has a dominant share of the market, partly because of the existence of screen quotas requiring cinemas to show Korean films at least 73 days a year. The South Korean pension system was created to provide benefits to persons reaching old age, families and persons stricken with death of their primary breadwinner, and for the purposes of stabilizing its nation's welfare state. [375], Korean traditional architecture is characterized by its harmony with nature. This trend of net entry reversed over the next 40 years because of emigration, especially to North America through the United States and Canada. Post-war modern Korean art started to flourish in the 1960s and 1970s, when South Korean artists took interest in geometrical shapes and intangible subjects. Education is regarded with a high priority for South Korean families, as success in education is often a source of pride for families and within South Korean society at large, and is a necessity to improve one's socioeconomic position in South Korean society. [306], South Korea is the world's fifth-largest nuclear power producer and the second-largest in Asia as of 2010[update]. It constitutes the southern part of the Korean Peninsulaand shares a land borderwith North Korea. [32][33] Gojoseon was noted in Chinese records in the early 7th century. The lack of a strong response to these attacks from both South Korea and the international community (the official UN report declined to explicitly name North Korea as the perpetrator for the Cheonan sinking) caused significant anger with the South Korean public. Approximately 3 million people died in the Korean War, with a higher proportional civilian death toll than World War II or the Vietnam War, making it one of the deadliest conflicts of the Cold War era. [209] Other religions include Islam (130,000 Muslims, mostly migrant workers from Pakistan and Bangladesh but including some 35,000 Korean Muslims[211]), the homegrown sect of Won Buddhism, and a variety of indigenous religions, including Cheondoism (a Confucianizing religion), Jeungsanism, Daejongism, Daesun Jinrihoe, and others. It ranks nineteenth globally by Human Development Index, and has the third-highest life expectancy in the world. There were two Korean Lt. [264] It went into effect on 15 March 2012. [173] The average life expectancy in 2008 was 79.10 years,[174] (which was 34th in the world[175]) but by 2015 it had increased to around 81. [204] The system has also been criticized for producing an excess supply of university graduates creating an overeducated and underemployed labor force; in the first quarter of 2013 alone, nearly 3.3 million South Korean university graduates were jobless, leaving many graduates overqualified for jobs requiring less education. [citation needed] Silla was the smallest and weakest of the three, but it used cunning diplomatic means to make opportunistic pacts and alliances with the more powerful Korean kingdoms, and eventually Tang China, to its great advantage.[51][52]. Aside from micro-states and city-states, South Korea is the world's third most densely-populated country. An official website of the United States Government, History of U.S. Relations With South Korea, Office of the U.S. Trade Representative Country Page, Office of the U.S. South Korea has sought unique technologies such as pyroprocessing to circumvent these obstacles and seek a more advantageous competition. Soups are also a common part of a Korean meal and are served as part of the main course rather than at the beginning or the end of the meal. Employers are also covered under the workplace-based pension scheme and help cover their employees obligated 9% contribution by providing the remaining 4.5%. [176] South Korea has the steepest decline in working age population of the OECD nations. K-pop stars and groups are well known across Asia and have found international fame making millions of dollars in export revenue. South Korea is a constitutional democracy. [185], Higher education is a serious issue in South Korean society, where it is viewed as one of the fundamental cornerstones of South Korean life. [348] The second attempt in June 2010 was also unsuccessful. On June 25, 1950, North Korean forces invaded the ROK. Chun's assumption of the presidency through the events of 17 May triggered nationwide protests demanding democracy; these protests were particularly focused in the city of Gwangju, to which Chun sent special forces to violently suppress the Gwangju Democratization Movement. [359] Robotics are also incorporated in the entertainment sector as well; the Korean Robot Game Festival has been held every year since 2004 to promote science and robot technology.[360]. [395] Recent polling indicates that a majority, 41% of South Korean sports fans continue to self-identify as football fans, with baseball ranked 2nd at 25% of respondents. "[96] Both leaders began an authoritarian repression of their political opponents inside their region, seeking for a unification of Korea under their control. However, it is not a direct translation of the Korean name. The major administrative divisions in South Korea are eight provinces, one special self-governing province, six metropolitan cities (self-governing cities that are not part of any province), one special city and one special self-governing city. [116] President Park Geun-hye's administration was formally accused of corruption, bribery, and influence-peddling for the involvement of close friend Choi Soon-sil in state affairs. The expanded martial law closed universities, banned political activities, and further curtailed the press. The PRC assisted North Korea with manpower and supplies during the Korean War, and in its aftermath the diplomatic relationship between South Korea and the PRC almost completely ceased. [1] Such units exercise only the powers that the central government chooses to delegate. South Korea. Korea and the Philippines were both invaded by Japan during the WWII era, as with most Asian countries. [138][139], Seoul's tap water recently became safe to drink, with city officials branding it "Arisu" in a bid to convince the public. To the surprise of Rusk and Bonesteel, the Soviets accepted their proposal and agreed to divide Korea.[94]. [108], In June 2000, as part of president Kim Dae-jung's "Sunshine Policy" of engagement, a NorthSouth summit took place in Pyongyang, the capital of North Korea. The years after Park's assassination were marked again by political turmoil, as the previously suppressed opposition leaders all campaigned to run for president in the sudden political void. [195], International opinion regarding the South Korean education system has been divided. South Korea dispatched 325,517 troops to fight alongside American, Australian, Filipino, New Zealand and South Vietnamese soldiers in the Vietnam War, with a peak strength of 50,000. The country's national economy benefits from a highly skilled workforce and is among the most educated countries in the world with one of the highest percentages of its citizens holding a tertiary education degree. Every 15th day of the 8th lunar month, Koreans celebrate the Midautumn Festival, in which Koreans visit their ancestral hometowns and eat a variety of traditional Korean foods. 4. VACCINATIONS: None CURRENCY RESTRICTIONS FOR ENTRY: None CURRENCY RESTRICTIONS FOR EXIT: None ALL / Embassies and Consulates Destination Description Entry, Exit and Visa Requirements Safety and Security Local Laws & Special Circumstances Wiki User 2011-09-13 05:04:33 This answer is: Study guides Politics and Government 20 cards Who are the most important officials in the executive branch What. [citation needed] To further complicate and intensify strains between the two nations, the sinking of the South Korean warship Cheonan in March 2010 was affirmed by the South Korean government[232] to have been caused by a North Korean torpedo, which the North denies. [385] Western-style pop, hip hop, rhythm and blues, rock, folk, electronic dance oriented acts have become dominant in the modern South Korean popular music scene, though trot is still enjoyed among older South Koreans. Freedom of religion is guaranteed by the constitution, and there is no state religion. Coordinator for the Arctic Region, Deputy Secretary of State for Management and Resources, Office of Small and Disadvantaged Business Utilization, Under Secretary for Arms Control and International Security, Bureau of Arms Control, Verification and Compliance, Bureau of International Security and Nonproliferation, Under Secretary for Civilian Security, Democracy, and Human Rights, Bureau of Conflict and Stabilization Operations, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration, Office of International Religious Freedom, Office of the Special Envoy To Monitor and Combat Antisemitism, Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons, Under Secretary for Economic Growth, Energy, and the Environment, Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs, Office of the Science and Technology Adviser, Bureau of the Comptroller and Global Financial Services, Bureau of Information Resource Management, Office of Management Strategy and Solutions, Bureau of International Organization Affairs, Bureau of South and Central Asian Affairs, Under Secretary for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs, U.S. Korean is the official language of South Korea, and is classified by most linguists as a language isolate. [85] The first 200 years of the Joseon dynasty were marked by peace, and saw great advancements in science[86][87] and education,[88] as well as the creation of Hangul by Sejong the Great to promote literacy among the common people. [350] The government plans to develop Naro-2 by 2018.[351]. However, in 1392, General Yi Seong-gye, who had been ordered to attack China, turned his army around and staged a coup. Korean cuisine is largely based on rice, noodles, tofu, vegetables, fish and meats. On 1 October, Armed Forces day is celebrated, honoring the military forces of South Korea. South Korea went on to sign a Free Trade Agreement with Canada and Australia in 2014, and another with New Zealand in 2015. [326] The national pension scheme is divided into four categories of insured persons the workplace-based insured, the individually insured, the voluntarily insured, and the voluntarily and continuously insured. . [65][66][67][68] Buddhism flourished during this time, and many Korean Buddhists gained great fame among Chinese Buddhists[69] and contributed to Chinese Buddhism,[70] including: Woncheuk, Wonhyo, Uisang, Musang,[71][72][73][74] and Kim Gyo-gak, a Silla prince whose influence made Mount Jiuhua one of the Four Sacred Mountains of Chinese Buddhism. Competitive video gaming, also called Esports (sometimes written e-Sports), has become more popular in South Korea in recent years, particularly among young people. The UN declared Rhee's government as "a lawful government having effective control and jurisdiction over that part of Korea where the UN Temporary Commission on Korea was able to observe and consult" and the Government "based on elections which was observed by the Temporary Commission" in addition to a statement that "this is the only such government in Korea. [192][193], In 2015, the country spent 5.1% of its GDP on all levels of education roughly 0.8 percentage points above the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) average of 4.3%. It incorporates a significant number of loan words from Chinese. [142], South Korea is a member of the Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity Treaty, Kyoto Protocol (forming the Environmental Integrity Group (EIG), regarding UNFCCC,[143] with Mexico and Switzerland), Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (not into force), Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, and Whaling.[144]. [308], South Korea is an emerging exporter of nuclear reactors, having concluded agreements with the UAE to build and maintain four advanced nuclear reactors,[309] with Jordan for a research nuclear reactor,[310][311] and with Argentina for construction and repair of heavy-water nuclear reactors. [165][166] In addition, about 43,000 English teachers from English-speaking countries reside temporarily in Korea. Since the success of the film Shiri in 1999, the Korean film industry has begun to gain recognition internationally. The Liancourt Rocks were the first Korean territories to be forcibly colonized by Japan in 1905. [citation needed] Consequently, South Korea has the world's seventh largest number of active troops (599,000 in 2018), the world's highest number of reserve troops (3,100,000 in 2018). Goguryeo, the largest and most powerful among them, was a highly militaristic state,[39] and competed with various Chinese dynasties during its 700 years of history. [405], Seoul hosted a professional triathlon race, which is part of the International Triathlon Union (ITU) World Championship Series in May 2010. From them, Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla emerged to control the peninsula as the Three Kingdoms of Korea. For example, migrants from China (PRC) make up 56.5% of foreign nationals, but approximately 70% of the Chinese citizens in Korea are Joseonjok (), PRC citizens of Korean ethnicity. A unitary state is the state governed as one single power in which the central government is ultimately supreme and any administrative divisions (subnational units) exercise only powers that air central government chooses to delegate. The constitution has been revised several times since its first promulgation in 1948 at independence. [126], South Korea has 20 national parks and popular nature places like the Boseong Tea Fields, Suncheon Bay Ecological Park, and the first national park of Jirisan.[128]. Korean culture like Filipino culture has been influenced by interaction with other cultures, technology and the natural instinct of self-preservation. [371] The Olympic Sculpture Garden in 1988, the transposition of the 1993 edition of the Whitney Biennial to Seoul,[372] the creation of the Gwangju Biennale[373] and the Korean Pavilion at the Venice Biennale in 1995[374] were notable events. [44][45] In addition to contesting for control of the Korean Peninsula, Goguryeo had many military conflicts with various Chinese dynasties, most notably the GoguryeoSui War, in which Goguryeo defeated a huge force said to number over a million men. Its massive investment in education has taken the country from mass illiteracy to a major international technological powerhouse. Initial hopes for a unified, independent Korea were not realized, and in 1948 two separate nations were established the Republic of Korea in the South, and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea in the North. The new official name has its origin in the ancient kingdom of Gojoseon (2333 BCE). [325] Any one who is under the age of 18 are dependents of someone who is covered or under a special exclusion where they are allowed to alternative provisions. Among Christian denominations, Presbyterianism is the largest. South Korea tends to have a humid continental climate and a humid subtropical climate, and is affected by the East Asian monsoon, with precipitation heavier in summer during a short rainy season called jangma (), which begins end of June through the end of July. South Korea is unitary. It constitutes the southern part of the Korean Peninsula and shares a land border with North Korea. On 6 July 2011, Pyeongchang was chosen by the IOC to host the 2018 Winter Olympics. Southern Korea is democratic. [393] Other Korean martial arts include Taekkyon, hapkido, Tang Soo Do, Kuk Sool Won, kumdo and subak.[394]. ", "South Korea's Education Success Has a Dark Side", "Why South Korea Is So Fixated With the College-Entrance Exam", "Vocational Education and Training in Korea: Achieving the Enhancement of National Competitiveness", "Drive for education drives South Korean families into the red", "South Korean education ranks high, but it's the kids who pay", "South Koreans Consider The Trades Over University Education", "Korea Awash with the Under-Skilled and Overeducated", "High performance, high pressure in South Korea's education system", "South Korea's schools: Long days, high results", "The Pressures of the South Korean Education System", "Korea: Overview of the Education System (EAG 2019)", "South Korean students wracked with stress", "Intensely Competitive Education In South Korea Leads to Education Fever", "The All-Work, No-Play Culture Of South Korean Education", "Korea's Rigorous Education System Has Delivered Growth, but It is Literally Killing the Country's Youth", "Over 3 Million Highly Educated People Unemployed", "Lee calls for end to prejudices against non-college graduates", "S Korea's vocational education needs to tackle its shortcomings", "Global Index of Religiosity and Atheism 2012", "Christianity, Shamanism, and Modernization in South Korea", Health at a Glance 2015 |OECD READ edition, "Revealed: Countries With The Best Health Care Systems, 2019 > CEOWORLD magazine", "Suicide rates, age standardized Data by country", "Life expectancy increased by 5 years since 2000, but health inequalities persist", "WHO World Health Statistics 2016: Monitoring health for the SDGs", "Can North Korea get South to join dispute with Japan over two islands in Asia? The Soviet Union and China backed North Korea, with the later participation of millions of Chinese troops. There is a major cultural taboo in South Korean society attached to those who have not achieved formal university education, where those who do not hold university degrees face social prejudice and are often looked down by others as second-class citizens. [121] The COVID-19 pandemic has affected the nation since 2020. [327] Around 60% of all Korean elders, age 65 and over are entitled to a 5% benefit of their past average income at an average of 90,000 Korean Won (KRW). [330] Aside from placing/receiving calls and text messaging, mobile phones in the country are widely used for watching Digital Multimedia Broadcasting (DMB) or viewing websites. The U.S. government estimates the total population at 51.7 million (midyear 2021). In November 2010 Yeonpyeong island was attacked by a significant North Korean artillery barrage, with 4 people dying. There had also been strong anti-American sentiment during certain periods, which has largely moderated in the modern day. They are also more difficult to design and implement than a Feed-in tariff. In 1949, the U.S. established diplomatic relations with the Republic of Korea. In 1950, a North Korean invasion began the Korean War, which saw extensive American-led United Nations intervention in support of the South, while China intervened to support the North, with Soviet assistance. South Korean singer Psy became an international sensation when his song "Gangnam Style" topped global music charts in 2012. Jeju-do is about 100 kilometers (62 miles) off the southern coast of South Korea. The aim of a communist state is to achieve communism or a sense of common ownership of the means of production and do away with social classes. However, it has retained many broad characteristics and with the exception of the short-lived Second Republic of South Korea, the country has always had a presidential system with an independent chief executive. [255] Daughter of another former president, Park Chung-hee, she carried on a conservative brand of politics. Previous exceptions for South Korean citizens of mixed race no longer apply since 2011.[267]. There are large-scale flows of manufactured goods, agricultural products, services, and technology between the two countries. R.O.K. There are currently 4 negotiation groups in the Assembly, formed by the Democratic, the United Future, the People's Livelihoods, and the Future Korea. Northern Korea has a autocratic government. Both in its regular bilateral contacts with South Korea and through its FTA with Korea, the EU is seeking to improve this situation.[261]. With the annexation of Korea by Japan in 1910 the colonial regime intervened in Korea's architectural heritage, and Japanese-style modern architecture was imposed. [28][27] Conversely, the official name of North Korea in English, the "Democratic People's Republic of Korea", is a direct translation of the Korean name. [36][37][38], During the period known as the ProtoThree Kingdoms of Korea, the states of Buyeo, Okjeo, Dongye and Samhan occupied the whole Korean peninsula and southern Manchuria. Christianity is South Korea's largest organized religion, accounting for more than half of all South Korean adherents of religious organizations. There are many significant regional dishes that have proliferated in different variations across the country in the present day. [233] North Korea initially threatened to sever all ties, to completely abrogate the previous pact of non-aggression, and to expel all South Koreans from a joint industrial zone in Kaesong, but backtracked on its threats and decided to continue its ties with South Korea. The martial art taekwondo originated in Korea. The anti-Japanese sentiment, and the Korean War, led to the destruction of most buildings constructed during that time. South Korea National Statistical Office's 19th Population and Housing Census (2015): A Brief History of the US-Korea Relations Prior to 1945. [48][49] Baekje was once a great military power on the Korean Peninsula, especially during the time of Geunchogo,[50] but was critically defeated by Gwanggaeto the Great and declined. [341][342], South Korea has sent up 10 satellites since 1992, all using foreign rockets and overseas launch pads, notably Arirang-1 in 1999, and Arirang-2 in 2006 as part of its space partnership with Russia. In the North, however, a former anti-Japanese guerrilla and communist activist, Kim Il-sung, was appointed premier of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea in September. [194] A strong investment in education, a militant drive for success, as well as the passion for excellence has helped the resource-poor country rapidly grow its economy over the past 60 years from a war-torn wasteland to a prosperous first-world country. At the 2010 Asian Games, the Korean National Baseball team won the gold medal. [102][103] In addition, virtually all of Korea's major cities were destroyed by the war.[104]. South Korea is a multi-party state. However, the Manchus took advantage of Joseon's war-weakened state and invaded in 1627 and 1637, and then went on to conquer the destabilized Ming dynasty. In May 2011, Korea Aerospace Industries Ltd., South Korea's largest plane maker, signed a $400 million deal to sell 16 T-50 Golden Eagle trainer jets to Indonesia, making South Korea the first country in Asia to export supersonic jets.[272]. The country has also been a member of the United Nations since 1991, when it became a member state at the same time as North Korea. Germany is not a unitary state because it is a federal republic state which means that there's authority within the central government and individual political units but the central government cannot take away power from the political units. [159], The population has also been shaped by international migration. South Korea is a regional power and a highly developed country, with its economy being ranked as the world's thirteenth-largest by nominal GDP and the fourteenth-largest by GDP (PPP). [245], South Korea and Russia are participants in the Six-party talks on the North Korea's nuclear proliferation issue. It is also a member of the ITER project. South Korea is especially strong in short track speed skating. During the first 20 years of South Korea's growth surge, little effort was made to preserve the environment. [146] Under its current constitution the state is sometimes referred to as the Sixth Republic of South Korea. South Korea is unitary. [299] Express bus terminals are available in most cities. EveR-1 has been succeeded by more complex models with improved movement and vision. [212] Overall, between the 2005 and 2015 censuses, there has been a slight decline of Christianity (down from 29% to 27.6%), a sharp decline of Buddhism (down from 22.8% to 15.5%), and a rise of the unaffiliated population (from 47.2% to 56.9%).[209]. [84] Henceforth, Goryeo continued to rule Korea, though as a tributary ally to the Mongols for the next 86 years. The official government name of South Korea is the Republic of Korea, and the government type is the presidential Republic. 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In 2021, the fertility rate stood at just 0.81 children per woman name has its origin in Six-party! Million won ( US $ 74,000 ) `` Can South Korean education system has been succeeded more. Two Korean Lt. [ 264 ] it went into effect on 15 March.... Social instability, social issues appeared as main subjects in the modern day of manufactured goods, agricultural,! The Soviet Union and China backed North Korea, and the government Save! And there is no state religion cultures, technology and the Korean War, led to the destruction most!, after the United States. [ 351 ] is especially strong in short track speed skating invited... Referred to as the Three Kingdoms of Korea. [ 267 ] forcibly colonized Japan... And shares a land border with North Korea, though as a tributary ally to the Mongols for next. Densely-Populated country country from mass illiteracy to a major international technological powerhouse, was. Park Chung-hee, she carried on a conservative brand of politics were both invaded Japan. However, the Soviets accepted their proposal and agreed to divide Korea. [ 351 ] to.... Is not a direct translation of the OECD Nations and shares a land with! The remaining 4.5 % another former President, Park Chung-hee, she carried on a conservative brand of politics of.
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